![]() ![]() verbal and visual-spatial) processing limitations ( Miyake and Shah, 1999). Perhaps the most central is the general bottleneck in capacity for maintaining information in the focus of attention, while at the same time there are also modality specific (e.g. Although there is no single generally accepted model of WM, there is agreement that all models of WM must be able to address some key issues. Anderson, 1983 Baddeley, 1986 Norman and Shallice, 1986). The notion that human cognition is very dependent on a WM system for the maintenance and manipulation of information has a long history in general models of cognition (e.g. Hinson, in Progress in Brain Research, 2010 Working memory Conversely, a right hemisphere dominance originally designed for avoiding environmental threats may have been extended to support the sophisticated emotion processing present in modern human social cognition (e.g., Forrester et al., in press) (for a review, see Vallortigara et al., 2011). For example, a left hemisphere dominance for producing routine, goal-oriented sequences of motor actions may have been extended to support the syntactic structure underpinning language function (e.g., Greenfield, 1991). As a result, sometimes we find that a system that we are using for one cognitive function hardly resembles the foundation components for which it was originally designed (e.g., Finlay, 2007). Rather, the existing architecture is extended and/or modified ( Finlay, 2007). New functional components do not spontaneously emerge. Through natural selection, evolutionary innovations build on existing neural architecture. ![]() Placing human cognition within an evolutionary framework is important when considering the emergence of cognitive abilities because our modern sophisticated human abilities will likely be founded upon evolutionarily early vertebrate brain organization and function. Todd, in Progress in Brain Research, 2018 1.2 Cerebral Lateralization as a Foundation for Higher Cognitive Function These experiments have revealed that reflexive attention is able to influence multiple stages of information processing beginning at a relatively early stage of visual cortical analysis. In this chapter, we briefly review the event-related potential (ERP) approach to the study of attention, and present recent results utilizing this methodology in the study of reflexive attentional capture. Increasingly though, physiological measures of human brain activity have been used to provide direct measures of discrete stages of information processing during attentional performance. Measures of overt behavior have long been used to make inferences about the internal mental mechanisms of attention. ![]() An enduring question has focused on determining the stage or stages of information processing at which attention might have an influence. Cognitive psychology, in particular, is concerned with the internal mental processes that begin with the appearance of an external stimulus and result in a behavioral response. Models of human cognition hold that information processing occurs in a series of stages. ![]()
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